Ok, so Jon Stewart gave a rather cringe inducing take on polls, which basically seemed to lampoon experts for not knowing anything because they can't be certain, and how we can't know what state it will come down to. So I figured I'd do a really dumbed down version of my senate forecast for these kinds of people.
Why can't we know for sure what the results will be before hand?
Pollsters operate on statistical probability, not dualistic certainty. I know most Americans are woefully ignorant of statistics (hence why I tend to have more conservative takes on, say, gambling than I otherwise would), and epistemology in general, so I'll dumb it down. Polls attempt to simulate the actual electorate that will vote. However, because it's impossible to get these simulations perfect, they're more approximations. Polls have a margin of error to them. Kinda like the weather forecast. If a forecast says 70% chance of rain and then it doesnt rain, you cant blame them because 1/3 times, it WONT rain. Good polls are typically 95% certain within 3-4 points. I assume 4 within my statistical model, where I take polling averages and convert these to probabilities. However, this 4 point margin applies to both candidates, meaning that the results can be off by as much as 8.
But if the polls can be off as much as 8, how can we know anything?
That's the thing, we can't KNOW. Something the typical person needs to get over, if they really want to think on a high level, is the fact that almost nothing is CERTAIN. A lot of weak minded people seem to crave certainty. It's what drives religious thinking. "Science cant know everything 100% and it changes its mind so I'm gonna trust the Bible." Yeah, I've been there. I know that's what they say. So let's dispense with knowing anything with 100% certainty.
Still, we can know a lot. We can know that some states like Tennessee will have such high republican margins that they CANT flip to the democrats. Same with say, Massachusetts on the democratic side. But when races start getting within 8 points, the probabilities can change drastically.
So sell it to me straight, what are the odds of a democratic senate win?
76% as per my model.
What state will it all come down to?If I had to choose, I'd probably say Ohio. However, that is an oversimplification. While I'm not gonna say the odds are high that it will all come down to Michigan or South Carolina or something, the most impactful races that ultimately will decide the control of the senate are Kansas, Maine, Ohio, Texas, Alaska, and Iowa.
For each side, the "path to the white house" is the following:
Republicans: 40 safe seats -> Arkansas (41) -> Florida (42) -> Mississippi (43) -> Nebraska (44) -> South Carolina (45) -> Louisana (46) -> Iowa (47) -> Alaska (48) -> Texas (49) -> Ohio (50) -> Maine (51)
Democrats: 45 safe seats -> New Hampshire (46) -> Michigan (47) -> Minnesota (48) -> Kansas (49) -> Maine (50) -> Ohio (51)
Do the states have go in that order?
No, but the odds are they probably will. Generally speaking, if one side deviates from the polls, we will likely see nationwide trends showing other states doing the same thing. This is why I assume a "wave" model of elections where I tend to assume that the republicans/democrats over/underperform on the national environment. However, it is very possible for these states to not all follow these trends exactly. You might, for example, see the democrats get Texas but republicans get Ohio.
With that said, all in all, to fine tune the most consequential races, I'll say it's typically the light blue ones above, most notably Texas, Ohio, and Maine. I'd also throw Kansas into that category too given 4.1 isnt that much different than 3.6 and I kind of draw the line between lean D and likely D arbitrarily. Those are the ones that will likely decide control of the senate.
Why does it have to be this complicated?
Because life is complicated. Once again, we can't assume perfect certainty for much of anything. But yeah, if you want the really dumbed down version to give you more certainty, democrats have a 76% chance of winning the senate, republicans an 18% chance. The remainder is a 6% probability of a 50-50 tie, in which JD Vance, the vice president, will decide the tie breaker vote.
If you want to know what races to focus on most, I'd say Kansas, Maine, Ohio, and Texas are probably the most impactful. Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, and Alaska also are probably worth watching, although if it comes down to the democrats losing Minnesota and Michigan they're probably having a bad night, and if it comes down to Iowa and Alaska, they're having a good night. The model statistically favors the democrats to have a good night.
What about all those red states?
If we account for the "wave" model of elections I mentioned above, if democrats start taking the pinker and redder states in my model, they're having a REALLY good night and it's a blowout for the democrats. It can happen. It actually is just as likely for the democrats to take south carolina as it is for the democrats' lock on the senate to actually be contested in a serious way. I'd ignore them. If they actually come into play, you can rest assured it's a democratic landslide. The hairy situation we gotta look out for is the republicans overperforming by a margin of, say, 2-3 points. As I discussed a few weeks ago, that's when election night turns into a chaotic mess where we don't know who wins.
And if that happens, people will say the polls are "wrong" even though the statistics accounts for it. It has a 1 in 4 chance of happening.
I still don't understand probability
I cant really help too much with that. I know a lot of Americans dont understand it very well, but imagine this. If I predicted 4 elections and had a 75% certainty level for each of them, I'd probably get 3 right and 1 wrong. Or think of it like gambling, horse racing, etc. A die has 6 sides. The odds of any one side coming up is 1 in 6, a 17% chance. The odds of picking any one card out of a deck is 1 in 52, around 2%. The odds of a roulette wheel hitting any individual number is 1 in 38, give the two 0s exist. It's best to think about it like that. The best I can do is tell you to learn statistics. Maybe take an online course on youtube talking about it. Heck, they probably got tutorials explaining polling better than this would.
Anyway, I just wanted to give a decent rebuttal to the daily show seemingly playing into peoples ignorance about how polls are wrong, how we cant trust them, and how we dont know what races to focus on. My own model attempts to map out the election in a relatively easy format showing the odds, the probabilities of individual states, and even mapping out each side's most likely path to victory (democrats from top down, republicans from bottom up). I'd just go by that. Focus on the bolded stuff if you really dont understand it. Maybe ignore the chart side and focus on the map. That should dumb it down further.
But yeah, to dumb it down as much as possible, democrats probably take the senate. Ohio is probably the deciding state although kansas, maine, and texas are also important to watch here. And yeah. That's the really dumbed down approach to it that ended up way longer than it should be.





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